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作者简介:

谢冰(1982-),男,教授级高工,博士研究生,研究方向为核测井方法、原理与技术。E-mail: skydie@163.com。

通信作者:

张锋(1970-),男,教授,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为核测井理论方法、核测井仪器研发与应用等。E-mail: zhfxy_cn@upc.edu.cn。

中图分类号:P631.817

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2026)02-0055-09

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2026.02.006

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目录contents

    摘要

    D-T源中子孔隙度测井在高孔隙度地层灵敏度低,且在不同岩性和泥质地层中的响应特征与常规补偿中子孔隙度响应特征不同,提出采用脉冲时间窗内热中子计数来表征高能中子自补偿校正因子且组合热中子计数比来确定孔隙度的方法。利用蒙特卡罗方法建立井筒-地层模型,模拟D-T源和Am-Be源在不同孔隙度和泥质含量条件下的快中子和热中子分布,研究高能中子自补偿校正因子及中子孔隙度测井响应,并用实测井数据验证该方法的有效性。结果表明,采用快中子自补偿校正后的热中子计数比值随孔隙度的增加而增加,相对灵敏度提高至原来的1.85~2.69倍(孔隙度20%~40%石灰岩地层);孔隙度偏差降低至原来的49%~52%,孔隙度30%石灰岩地层由1.55%降低到0.80%,有效解决D-T源高孔隙度条件下孔隙度灵敏低的问题。测井实例计算地层孔隙度与常规补偿中子测井值相吻合,在孔隙度13%~22%的砂泥岩地层中绝对误差小于2.0%,为套管井脉冲中子孔隙度数据处理提供一种新方法。

    Abstract

    D-T source neutron porosity logging exhibits low sensitivity in high-porosity formations, and its response characteristics differ from those of conventional compensated neutron logging across various lithologies and in shaly formations. This study proposes a novel method that utilizes thermal neutron counts within a pulsed time window to characterize a self-compensated correction factor for high-energy neutrons, combined with a thermal neutron count ratio to determine porosity. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to construct wellbore-formation models, simulating the distributions of fast and thermal neutrons under varying porosity and shale content for both D-T and Am-Be sources. The self-compensated correction factor for high-energy neutrons and neutron porosity logging responses were systematically analyzed and validated using field logging data. The results show that the thermal neutron count ratio increases with porosity. After applying the fast neutron self-compensated correction, the relative sensitivity improves by a factor of 1.85 to 2.69 (for limestone formations with porosity ranging from 20% to 40%), and the porosity deviation is reduced to 49%-52% of the original value. In particular, the porosity accuracy decreases from 1.55 % to 0.80% in limestone formations with 30% porosity. In sandy shale formations with 13%-22% porosity, the absolute error of the calculated porosity is reduced to within 2 % compared with conventional compensated neutron logging. This method effectively addresses the low sensitivity of D-T neutron sources in high-porosity formations and provides a promising approach for neutron porosity evaluation in cased-hole wells.

  • 随着油气勘探开发逐步向页岩气、超深层、超深水等非常规油气、复杂油气资源迈进,新型钻完井技术、高温高压测井技术和深层-超深层压裂技术对油气勘探开发具有重要意义[1-2]。而非常规油气储层(如页岩储层)往往具有孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强等特征,孔隙度作为表征储层物性的核心参数之一,其准确测量对于油气储量评价和开发方案制定至关重要[3-5]。近年来出现的套管钻井新技术,完钻后套管留在井内起完井作用[6-9],以及复杂井孔环境和地质条件导致钻完井后直接固井,因而套后密度、声波和中子孔隙度等测井成为新的需求。传统补偿中子测井利用241Am-Be中子源与2个3He管记录的热中子计数比值来确定孔隙度,在裸眼测井中得到了广泛应用[10]。由于化学同位素源的安全限制,加速器中子源替代Am-Be源是当今核测井发展的必然要求,在随钻测井采用D-T和D-D中子发生器来进行评价中子孔隙度[11-14]。套管井中采用小直径脉冲中子能谱测井技术来进行剩余油饱和度定量评价,同时国内外专家利用探测器记录的非弹性散射和俘获伽马射线计数信息来确定孔隙度,Zhou[15]和Guo[16]结合可控源测井仪自身测量信息来实现井眼环境的自补偿校正,Yu[17]和Zhang[18]等提出基于密度信息与非弹性计数比和地层宏观俘获截面与俘获伽马计数比相结合来改进D-T中子源孔隙度灵敏度与精度的方法,取得了显著的应用效果。PNN(脉冲中子-中子测井仪)[19]是一种小直径套后饱和度测井仪,目前发展第三代由D-T中子源和2个中子及2个伽马探测器组成,通过测量热中子时间谱和活化伽马射线来定量评价含水饱和度。与其他脉冲中子饱和度测井技术不同,利用源距不同的两个探测器直接记录热中子信息,因此在套管井中可确定中子孔隙度,但由于D-T发生器放出的14 MeV快中子能量高于Am-Be中子源,地层介质减速能力下降,导致高孔隙度地层灵敏度降低。笔者基于PNN测井数据,研究近探测器热中子信息与高能中子的关系,建立高能中子自补偿校正与近远探测器热中子计数比来确定中子孔隙度的改进方法,旨在实现高孔隙地层条件下灵敏度提高的同时,提升低孔隙度地层的测量精度,从而为套管井利用D-T中子源确定孔隙度提供一种新方法。

  • 1 方法与原理

  • D-T中子发生器向地层发射能量为14 MeV的快中子,会与地层中12C、16O、40Ca和28Si等原子核发生非弹性散射放出伽马射线,高能中子经过一至二次非弹性散射会损失大量能量;同时快中子还会与12C、16O、40Ca、28Si和1H原子核发生弹性散射损失能量变成热中子;热中子在地层中迁移过程中会被不同元素原子核俘获而放出伽马射线。地层中的热中子通量空间分布[20]可以表示为

  • φth(r)=Lt24πDtrLs2-Lt2exp-r/Ls-exp-r/Lt.
    (1)
  • 式中,Dt为热中子扩散系数,cm-1LsLt分别为快中子减速长度和热中子扩散长度,cm;r为距离中子源的位置,cm。

  • 补偿中子孔隙度利用源距不同的探测器热中子计数比值来表征,计算公式为

  • R=N1/N2r2r1exp-r1-r2/Ls.
    (2)
  • 式中,R为两个探测器热中子计数比值;N1N2分别为两个探测器热中子计数;r1r2分别为探测器源距。

  • 中子减速长度可用下列公式[21]表示:

  • Ls=rf26=lnE0/Etλs2ξ3-2A=lnE0/Etξ3-2ANσs2.
    (3)
  • 式中,Ls为中子减速长度,cm;rf为快中子经过慢化变成热中子的平均自由程,cm;E0Et分别表示快中子和热中子能量,MeV;N为单位体积内原子核数,cm-3σs为原子核微观散射截面,cm2; ξ为平均对数能量缩减;A为靶核质量数。

  • 与平均能量5~6 MeV的Am-Be中子源不同,D-T中子发生器发射的14 MeV的高能中子与原子核发生非弹性散射而损失能量,以16O为例发生一次非弹性散射中子损失的能量为6.4 MeV,非弹性散射和弹性散射两个过程导致快中子能量降低与Am-Be源不同,表征地层孔隙度的减速长度Ls也会存在差异。由于单位体积内骨架矿物中氧原子数要大于水中的氧原子数,随着地层孔隙度变化,发生快中子非弹性散射损失能量的过程也发生变化,导致D-T源中子孔隙度在高孔隙度地层灵敏度下降。

  • 若仅考虑D-T源产生的高能中子与地层非弹性散射过程,根据中子自屏蔽校正方法,高能中子场的自补偿校正因子[22]表示为

  • μ=Nfn0Nfn=E014 φEn,tj0 NAρ0M0hjσinjdtdEE014 φEn,tj NAρMhjσinjdtdE.
    (4)
  • 式中,μ为高能中子自补偿校正因子;Nfn0为标准地层快中子计数,通常选取纯石灰岩骨架地层条件,Nfn为目的层快中子计数;j0 NAρ0M0njσinjj NAρMnjσinj分别为标准地层和目的层快中子作用宏观非弹性散射截面; NA为阿伏伽德罗常数;M0为标准地层的平均摩尔质量,g/mol;nj为第j种核素的原子数;σinj为第j种核素的原子核微观非弹性散射截面,cm2t为时间; dtdE表示时间、能量的双重积分。

  • PNN测井采取1~3 μs短脉冲发射,近探测器热中子时间谱起始信息能够反映快中子非弹性散射和弹性散射过程,则高能中子自补偿校正因子可改写为

  • μ=Nth0Nth=0T N01-expt/τ0dt0T N0(1-exp(t/τ))dt
    (5)
  • 式中,Nth0为标准地层热中子时间谱起始段总计数,通常选取纯石灰岩骨架地层条件;Nth为目的层热中子时间谱起始段总计数;T为脉冲发射时间长度; τ0为标准地层中的热中子寿命;τ为目的层中的热中子寿命。

  • 高能快中子自补偿校正后的近远热中子计数比值Rc

  • Rc=μN1/N2=aφ2+bφ+c.
    (6)
  • 式中,φ为地层孔隙度;abc为常数系数,由公式(6)就可以确定地层中子孔隙度。

  • 2 蒙特卡罗数值模拟

  • 2.1 模型建立

  • FLUKA[23]是一个高度通用、灵活和精确的粒子传输和相互作用模拟软件,支持光子、电子、中子等多种粒子的传输和相互作用,能够模拟粒子的能量损失、散射、衰变等多种物理过程,在高能物理、辐射防护、医学物理、空间科学以及材料科学等多个科学和工程领域中得到了广泛的应用。

  • 建立套管井PNN测井数值计算模型,如图1所示。井眼直径为200 mm,井眼内填充淡水或矿化水;套管内径为126.9 mm,套管外径为139.7 mm,成分为不锈钢,套管与地层之间填充CaSiO3水泥,厚度为30 mm;PNN测井仪器直径为43 mm,由D-T中子源、屏蔽体、近和远3He管组成,源距分别为42.5 cm和72.5 cm,仪器贴套管测量。中子源的脉冲宽度为3 μs,模拟采集0~1800 μs的热中子时间谱,选取计算孔隙度的时间窗范围为330~990 μs,用于高能中子场自补偿校正时间窗范围为0~120 μs。

  • 图1 FLUKA数值计算模型示意图

  • Fig.1 Diagram of FLUKA numerical calculation model

  • 2.2 中子孔隙度响应对比

  • 为验证脉冲时间窗内热中子计数对快中子通量场的表征能力,设置砂岩和石灰岩孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%和50%,其中砂岩地层孔隙和井眼分别充满淡水和5%盐水,石灰岩地层孔隙和井眼充满淡水,模拟源距为25 cm处的快中子和42.5 cm处的热中子时间谱,快中子能量范围为4~14 MeV,得到时间窗0~90 μs热中子计数与快中子计数的关系,如图2所示。

  • 图2 不同井眼和地层条件下快中子与热中子计数关系

  • Fig.2 Relation of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons counts under different borehole and formation conditions

  • 由图2看出,井眼和孔隙充满淡水和盐水砂岩地层的快中子计数与热中子计数有稳定的变化关系,且受井眼水和地层水的矿化度影响较小,主要原因在于脉冲中子发射阶段,热中子的产生与快中子非弹性散射过程主要取决于中子产额和时间脉冲;而井眼与孔隙充满淡水的石灰岩地层,快中子计数随热中子计数的变化速率更缓,28Si发生非弹性散射的阈能低,发生非弹性散射的几率要高于石灰岩的12C和28Ca。

  • 为对比高能中子自补偿校正效果,设置饱含淡水石灰岩地层,孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%和40%,模拟相应条件下的热中子时间谱,分别选取0~1800、300~990 μs时间窗来得到近远探测器热中子计数比,并对高能中子自补偿校正前后孔隙度测井响应与Am-Be测井响应对比分析,结果如图3所示。

  • 图3 石灰岩地层热中子计数比值与孔隙度关系

  • Fig.3 Relation of thermal neutron count ratio and porosity for limestone formation

  • 由图3(a)可知,热中子计数率比值都随着地层孔隙度的增加而增加,300~990 μs时间窗比值相对0~1800 μs全时间段灵敏度要高,经过高能中子自补偿校正后的热中子计数比值随着孔隙度变化几乎呈线性变化,远远高于校正前的变化率。由图3(b)看出,相比Am-Be中子源,D-T源的快中子自补偿校正热中子计数比随孔隙度的变化更剧烈,有利于孔隙度评价。

  • 计算中子孔隙度绝对灵敏度、相对灵敏度和不确定度,对比高能中子自补偿校正前后评价孔隙度的效果,得到饱含淡水石灰岩地层的孔隙度特征参数(表1)。计算公式为

  • η=Rφ,S=1RRφ,δφ=φR2(ΔR)2.
    (7)
  • 式中,η为绝对灵敏度;S为相对灵敏度;R为热中子计数比值;δφ为孔隙度偏差。

  • 由表1可知,饱含淡水石灰岩地层的热中子计数比值随孔隙度增大而升高,而绝对灵敏度和相对灵敏度下降;在孔隙度大于20%时,采用反映地层性质的300~990 μs时间窗相比全时间窗的绝对灵敏度和相对灵敏度都有所提升;进行高能中子场的自补偿校正后,相对灵敏度提高至校正前的2.7~8.6倍,大于20%高孔隙度地层的相对灵敏度提高至校正前的1.85~2.69倍;由于灵敏度大幅度提升,孔隙度偏差校正后下降至校正前的49%~52%,尤其在高于20%地层,孔隙度偏差降为0.49%~1.17%,有效提升了D-T源评价地层孔隙度的精度。

  • 表1 石灰岩地层中子孔隙度特征参数校正前后对比

  • Table1 Comparison of characteristic parameters of neutron porosity before and after correction in limestone formations

  • 2.3 影响因素

  • 2.3.1 岩性

  • 利用上述模型,井眼内填充淡水,井径为20 cm,骨架矿物分别为石英、方解石和白云石,地层孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%和40%,孔隙饱含淡水。模拟相应条件下的热中子时间谱,得到快中子自补偿校正后的热中子计数比与地层孔隙度的关系,如图4所示。

  • 图4 不同岩性地层校正后热中子计数比与孔隙度关系

  • Fig.4 Relation of Rc and porosity under different lithological conditions

  • 由图4可知,饱含淡水地层的热中子计数比都随着孔隙度增加而呈线性增加,岩性不同时校正后的热中子计数比略有差别,孔隙度相同时白云岩地层比值最大,砂岩最小,石灰岩居中,且石灰岩和白云岩相距较近,而砂岩地层相对稍远,原因在于除了含有O元素之外,方解石和白云石都含有C和Ca元素,而石英只含有Si元素,与快中子发生非弹性散射损失的能量不同。这种响应规律与常规补偿中子孔隙度相同,孔隙度值本身反映岩性信息。

  • 2.3.2 井眼环境

  • 利用上述模型,井径分别为20和16.5 cm,相应套管外径分别为139.7和126 mm,水泥环厚度分别为3和1.905 cm,孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%和40%的砂岩地层,井眼充满淡水、矿化度5%和10%的盐水,地层孔隙充满淡水和20%盐水。模拟相应条件下的热中子时间谱,得到不同条件下热中子计数比与孔隙度的关系,如图5所示。

  • 由图5(a)可知,在低孔隙度地层,井径的变化对校正后的热中子计数比值影响较小,但高孔隙度地层井眼尺寸越大,校正后热中子计数比值反而越小,与常规补偿中子孔隙度的规律相反,这主要由于快中子校正引起的,井眼尺寸越大,井孔内的水越多,单位体积内相比地层骨架矿物的O原子数越少,快中子发生非弹性散射作用减弱。由图5(b)可知,井眼水矿化度变化对校正后热中子计数比值影响较小,这对准确确定中子孔隙度值是有利的。

  • 2.3.3 地层水矿化度

  • 利用上述模型,井眼填充淡水,孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%和40%砂岩地层,地层孔隙充满淡水和矿化度分别为5%、10%、20%的盐水。模拟相应条件下的热中子时间谱,得到校正后热中子计数比与孔隙度的关系,如图6所示。

  • 由图6可知,低孔隙度地层盐水的矿化度对校正后热中子计数比影响较小,而在高孔隙度地层随着地层水矿化度的增加比值差异越大,原因是高孔隙度地层盐水对热中子的俘获影响显著,因而确定孔隙度时需对地层水矿化度进行校正。

  • 图5 不同井眼环境校正后热中子计数比与孔隙度关系

  • Fig.5 Relation of thermal neutrons count ratio and porosity under different borehole conditions

  • 图6 不同地层水矿化度条件热中子计数比与孔隙度的关系

  • Fig.6 Relation of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons count ratio and porosity under different formation water salinity conditions

  • 2.3.4 泥质

  • 利用上述模型,地层由砂岩和黏土矿物构成,黏土矿物由伊利石和蒙脱石按照1∶1混合而成,泥质体积分数分别为0、10%和20%,井眼和地层孔隙内填充淡水,孔隙度分别为1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%和40%砂岩地层。模拟相应条件下热中子时间谱,得到不同泥质含量热中子计数比与孔隙度关系,如图7所示。

  • 由图7可知,地层中黏土矿物的存在会使热中子计数比值增加,且孔隙度越大地层这种差异越明显,相比较而言黏土矿物的类型不同,Si、Ca、Fe、O和H等元素含量不同,对快中子非弹性散射和弹性散射过程都存在差异,高能中子自补偿校正因子和自身含氢指数不同,进而会对中子孔隙度测量值产生影响。引入快中子校正因子,目的就是为了补偿高能中子与Am-Be源中子对不同黏土矿物作用过程差异,其影响规律不在本次研究范围之内。

  • 图7 不同泥质含量条件热中子计数比与孔隙度的关系

  • Fig.7 Relation of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons count ratio and porosity under different shale content conditions

  • 3 实例

  • 青海油田X井PNN测井(1350~1680 m)数据,储层孔隙度分布区间为13%~22%,泥质体积分数介于9%~35%。采用前述方法选取1350~1550 m建立孔隙度与快中子自补偿校正后的热中子计数比值刻度关系,计算1624~1680 m井段中子孔隙度,结果如图8所示,其中道7和道8分别为D-T源校正前、后计算的孔隙度与裸眼井补偿中子孔隙度对比曲线,道9为D-T源校正后计算孔隙度与裸眼井补偿中子孔隙度之间的绝对误差曲线。

  • 由图8可以看出,校正前后的近远热中子计数比与泥质含量有关,说明快中子在不同黏土矿物发生非弹性散射过程不同。结果显示快中子校正后热中子计数比计算的孔隙度曲线与Am-Be源中子孔隙度曲线变化趋势相同,孔隙度绝对误差小于2%。因此套管井D-T源中子孔隙度测量可以有效弥补裸眼井资料缺失的不足,为地层评价提供基本参数。

  • 图8 X井测井解释结果

  • Fig.8 Logging results of well X

  • 4 结论

  • (1)基于D-T源的热中子计数比可用来确定地层孔隙度,但在高孔隙度条件下由于D-T源高能中子与化学源的差异,中子减速长度变大,导致孔隙度灵敏度降低。

  • (2)中子源脉冲发射阶段的热中子能够反映快中子场变化,利用纯骨架地层的热中子计数作标定,可以确定高能中子自补偿校正因子。在孔隙度20%~40%的饱含水灰岩地层条件下,使校正后热中子计数比评价孔隙度的灵敏度提升了1.85~2.69倍,孔隙度偏差下降至原来的49%~52%。

  • (3)中子自补偿校正后热中子计数比随孔隙度增大近似呈线性变化; 低孔隙度地层井眼和地层水矿化度对计数比影响较小;岩性、井眼尺寸和黏土含量对热中子计数比影响较大,需要进行校正。

  • (4)青海地区的实测井应用效果表明,在孔隙度13%~22%的砂泥岩地层中,采用高能中子自补偿校正后热中子计数比来评价中子孔隙度,套管井D-T源与常规Am-be源计算孔隙度相对误差在2%以内,有效补偿了快中子非弹性散射过程,是一种套管井确定孔隙度的有效方法。

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