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作者简介:

赵光(1986-),男,教授,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为油田化学与提高采收率等。E-mail: zhaoguang@upc.edu.cn。

通信作者:

赵光(1986-),男,教授,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为油田化学与提高采收率等。E-mail: zhaoguang@upc.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE357.46

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2026)02-0134-10

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2026.02.014

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目录contents

    摘要

    乳化降黏技术作为稠油冷采的重要手段,能显著改善稠油流动性。基于自主研发的阴/非离子型稠油冷采降黏体系,综合采用四组分分离、红外光谱、扫描电镜等表征手段,系统分析降黏前后稠油各组分的结构变化,并利用原子力显微镜深入探究降黏体系对重质组分间相互作用的微观影响机制。结果表明:降黏剂分子可通过增强氢键及π-π堆积作用,有效削弱胶质与沥青质间的原有缔合;降黏后胶质由致密整体转变为多孔块状结构,沥青质聚集体结构松散并伴有表面颗粒脱落;降黏体系显著降低了胶质与沥青质间的黏附力,其最大黏附力分别从3.11和5.49 nN下降至0.8和0.5 nN;随降黏剂质量分数增加,沥青质间出现静电斥力,空间位阻作用增强,链接枝点平均间距由5.43 nm增至11.14 nm,链长由1.84 nm延长至6.22 nm,从而有效弱化了沥青质三维网状结构强度,实现稠油黏度降低。

    Abstract

    As an important method for cold production of heavy oil, emulsification viscosity reduction technology can significantly improve oil fluidity. On the basis of a self-developed anionic-nonionic composite emulsification system, the structural changes of each component in heavy oil before and after viscosity reductio were systematically analyzed by four-component separation, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. And the microscopic influence mechanism of viscosity reduction system on the interaction between heavy components was deeply explored by atomic force microscopy. It is found that viscosity reducer molecules can effectively weaken the original association between resins and asphaltenes by enhancing hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. After viscosity reduction, the resins transform from a dense mass into a porous block structure, while the asphaltenes aggregates is loose and accompanied by surface particles detaching. The iscosity reduction system significantly reduces the adhesion between resins and asphaltenes, and the maximum adhesion decreases from 3.11 and 5.49 nN to 0.8 and 0.5 nN, respectively. With the increase of viscosity reducer concentration, electrostatic repulsion appears between asphaltenes, and the steric hindrance is enhanced. The average grafting point spacing increases from 5.43 to 11.14 nm, and the grafted chain length extends from 1.84 to 6.22 nm. These changes effectively weaken the strength of the three-dimensional network structure of asphaltenes, thereby reducing heavy oil viscosity.

  • 随着常规油气资源日渐枯竭,稠油油藏已成为石油开采的重要接替方向[1-3]。中国稠油资源量丰富,陆上稠油油藏已探明储量达到4×109 t,主要分布于辽河、新疆和胜利等油田。海上储量约4.2×109 t,主要集中在渤海地区[4-5]。稠油中胶质、沥青质等大分子含量高,具有黏度高、流动性差的特点,开采难度较大,开采难度较大[6-8]。目前稠油开采主要分为热采与冷采两类技术[9-11]。热采技术(如蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱等)虽降黏见效快,但易受地质条件制约,存在热损失大、产能不稳等问题[12-13]。冷采技术则通过注入化学剂实现降黏增流,具有工艺简单、成本较低、环境友好等优点[14-17]。近年来乳化降黏体系作为冷采技术的重要发展方向受到广泛关注[18-21]。其降黏机制主要包括两方面:一是形成低黏度O/W(水包油)乳状液,改善流动性[22-25];二是通过氢键等相互作用拆散胶质、沥青质的堆叠聚集体,降低内部摩擦阻力,从而减少原油黏度[26]。尽管乳化降黏机制已有较多报道,但降黏体系与稠油各组分间的相互作用机制尚缺乏系统研究,冷采前后稠油组分的结构变化也有待进一步明确。笔者自研一种阴/非离子型表面活性剂稠油乳化降黏体系,通过四组分分离与微观表征,分析降黏前后稠油分子组成的变化规律,揭示降黏剂与稠油组分的作用机制。借助原子力显微镜胶体探针技术,研究降黏前后重质组分间黏附力的变化,基于球-平面模型对沥青质间作用力进行解构拟合,从微观层面阐明乳化降黏体系对重质组分间作用力的影响机制。

  • 1 试验材料与方法

  • 1.1 试验材料

  • 原油为胜利油田脱水脱气原油,在地层温度50℃下黏度为523 mPa·s;乳化降黏体系为十二烷基苯磺酸钠+脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺,分子结构见图1;正庚烷,质量分数大于97%,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;石油醚,质量分数大于99%,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇,质量分数大于99%,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲苯,质量分数大于99%,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。试验中使用的模拟地层水利用超纯水配制,矿化度为6496 mg/L。

  • 图1 乳化降黏体系分子结构

  • Fig.1 Molecular structure of emulsification viscosity reduction system

  • 1.2 稠油四组分分离试验

  • 按照行业标准方法NB/SH/T0509-2010《石油沥青四组分测定法》对稠油样品进行组分分离。利用正庚烷沉淀法将稠油分离出沥青质和可溶质,然后将可溶质在氧化铝色谱柱上进行四组分分离,得到饱和分、芳香分和胶质。

  • 将饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质分别用甲苯配置成1%(质量分数)的溶液,随后以油水比3∶7和一定质量分数的乳化降黏体系加入试剂瓶中,放置50℃恒温烘箱中密封老化1 h取出,将试剂瓶上下倒置4次后再次放入50℃恒温烘箱中,待乳液完全破乳后,取上层甲苯溶液置于旋转蒸发仪中蒸发掉溶剂,取出溶质放入真空干燥箱中进行干燥,得到降黏后的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质。

  • 1.3 傅里叶变换红外光谱分析

  • 采用Bruker Vertex 70型傅里叶红外光谱仪测试稠油四组分降黏前后特征官能团变化。将饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质分别与溴化钾混合研磨成粉后压片,测试温度为25℃,分辨率为0.1 cm-1,扫描范围4000~500 cm-1,次数为32。

  • 1.4 微观形貌分析

  • 采用QUANTA 200环境扫描电子显微镜观察胶质和沥青质的微观形貌,试验时取少量样品均匀的黏附在导电胶上喷金制片,设定温度0℃,加速电压20 kV。

  • 1.5 重质组分间分子间作用力测定

  • 为考察降黏体系对稠油重质组分间力学性质的影响,采用吸附法对疏水纳米二氧化硅球形探针进行修饰[27],使得稠油组分能均匀吸附在疏水纳米二氧化硅球表面,试验步骤如下:①称取0.01 g组分样品放入锥形瓶中,随后加入甲苯配成质量浓度为0.1 g·L-1组分溶液并超声处理10 min,使沥青质充分溶解在甲苯中;②将原子力探针小心浸入组分溶液中,室温下密封放置24 h,使得组分充分吸附在探针表面;③取出探针,用正庚烷缓慢冲洗探针,除去探针上未吸附组分,最终得到经过稠油组分修饰的原子力显微镜探针。基于胶体探针原子力显微镜技术,使用Force Volume测力模式,研究液下环境中吸附在疏水纳米二氧化硅球表面的稠油组分与吸附在基底表面的稠油组分间的相互作用力。

  • 2 结果分析

  • 2.1 降黏前后稠油分子组成变化规律

  • 2.1.1 红外光谱分析

  • 稠油冷采降黏过程中降黏剂与稠油发生相互作用时会对稠油组分分子结构产生影响,因此利用红外光谱考察了饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质降黏前后官能团的变化,试验结果如图2所示。

  • 图2 稠油组分降黏前后红外光谱

  • Fig.2 Infrared spectra of heavy oil components before and after viscosity reduction

  • 从图2(a)、(b)看出,饱和分和芳香分在700~850 cm-1有吸收峰,说明组分中存在芳香化合物和杂环化合物。饱和分主要由带烷基支链的环烷烃构成,在与降黏体系作用前后其分子结构基本不变,说明二者几乎不发生相互作用。而芳香分在810 cm-1处的苯环吸收峰强度增大,说明有少量降黏剂分子进入到其内部并产生一定作用。

  • 由图2(c)、(d)可知,降黏前胶质和沥青质中,809和803 cm-1处为C—H面外弯曲振动峰,1019和1033 cm-1是C—O—C和C—N的伸缩振动峰,1375和1374 cm-1是—CH3的弯曲振动吸收峰,1459 cm-1是—CH2—、—CH3的弯曲振动吸收峰,1604和1613 cm-1是芳香环CC骨架伸缩振动吸收峰,表明胶质和沥青质中含有较多的芳香族化合物,2853和2923 cm-1分别是—CH2、—CH3的对称伸缩振动吸收峰,说明胶质和沥青质中含有饱和烃。在加入降黏体系后,胶质和沥青质官能团的强度和数量发生了变化。胶质和沥青质与降黏体系作用后,苯环吸收峰(809、803、809、1613 cm-1)和羟基吸收峰(1019、1033 cm-1)的强度增大,同时3000~3500 cm-1波数间的吸收峰变宽且强度增大。这可能是因为含有苯环结构的降黏剂分子插入到胶质和沥青质中,并与其产生更强的氢键作用和π-π堆积作用,破坏了缔合体原有的网状结构,抑制了其缔合作用[28-29]

  • 2.1.2 微观形貌分析

  • 借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察稠油降黏前后重质组分的微观形貌变化,从微观角度分析降黏体系对沥青质和胶质的作用效果,结果如图3、4所示。

  • 图3显示,降黏前后沥青质的微观形貌差异显著。未处理样品在2500倍下表面粗糙不均,可能附着较多吸附物。放大至5000倍可见其结构致密,由不规则颗粒缠绕缔合而成。经降黏处理后,沥青质表面粗糙度降低、吸附物减少,且缔合结构变得松散,部分颗粒脱落。结合红外光谱分析,这是由于降黏剂分子进入沥青质内部,通过增强氢键作用抑制了其自缔合,使聚集体尺寸减小,从而降低稠油内摩擦力和黏度[30]。图4表明,未处理胶质表面相对光滑、吸附物较少;降黏后其结构破坏为块状并出现多孔特征。这是因为降黏剂与胶质中极性组分作用,削弱分子间氢键,使其结构松散,难以在沥青质表面形成高强度网状结构。

  • 图3 沥青质降黏前后微观形貌

  • Fig.3 Microscopic morphology of asphaltene before and after viscosity reduction

  • 图4 胶质降黏前后微观形貌

  • Fig.4 Microscopic morphology of resin before and after viscosity reduction

  • 2.2 降黏前后稠油组分间相互作用力分析

  • 2.2.1 降黏前重质组分间总作用力分析

  • 稠油黏度与胶质-沥青质间作用力密切相关。通过原子力显微镜测定二者在模拟地层水中的相互作用,结果如图5所示。作用力曲线分为进针与回针两部分:进针过程中,当距离大于5 nm时作用力近乎为零;距离继续减小,沥青质间因极性较强出现微弱引力(0.49 nN),胶质间变化不明显;距离小于2 nm后,空间位阻导致斥力上升。回针曲线显示,分离时胶质间最大黏附力为3.11 nN,而沥青质间达5.49 nN,为其1.77倍。

  • 图5 模拟地层水中重质组分间相互作用力曲线

  • Fig.5 Interaction force curve between heavy components in simulated formation water

  • 2.2.2 降黏后重质组分间黏附力变化规律

  • (1)胶质间黏附力作用特征。黏附力反映了重质组分间的结合强度,可用于阐释降黏机制。随降黏体系质量分数从0增至0.01%,胶质间最大黏附力与半径比(rfd)从0.23 mN/m降至0.06 mN/m(图6(a))。黏附力分布峰值由2.8 nN向0.8 nN偏移,0~2 nN区间的占比增加(图6(b))。表明降黏剂减弱了胶质间黏附,使其在沥青质表面的吸附与聚集减少,从而降低流动阻力。

  • (2)沥青质间黏附力作用特征。如图7所示,未加降黏剂时沥青质最大黏附力与半径比rfd为0.92 mN/m,随降黏剂质量分数的增加逐渐降至0.07 mN/m。黏附力分布峰值亦从4.5 nN显著下降至0.5 nN。这是因为降黏剂分子破坏了沥青质间的氢键与π-π堆积作用,削弱分子间吸引,促使大聚集体解离为分散小分子,抑制再聚集。沥青质间的缔合行为与其分子间相互作用力密切相关,对此考察降黏体系质量分数对沥青质间黏附力的影响[31]

  • 图6 降黏体系质量分数对胶质间黏附力的影响

  • Fig.6 Effect of viscosity reduction system mass fraction on adhesion between resins

  • 2.2.3 沥青质间相互作用力特征分析

  • (1)模拟地层水中沥青质间相互作用力的解构与拟合。沥青质分子含多种官能团,其聚集行为受多种耦合作用力影响,难以直接分离分析。因此通过对比原子力显微镜实测曲线与理论拟合,对长程作用力(范德华力、疏水作用、静电作用等)进行解构,短程作用(氢键、π-π堆积等)暂不作定量分析。采用球体-平面模型对试验结果进行分析。球体-平面模型中,范德华力的具体表达式为

  • F(D)VDW=-AR/6D2.
    (1)
  • 式中,A为Hamaker常数,J;R为球针曲率半径,μm;D为球针与基底的距离,nm。其中Hamaker常数在本试验中的实际含义为球针和基底在溶液介质中发生相互作用时的非阻滞Hamaker常数,因此根据Lifshitz理论可以计算得到Hamaker常数,具体表达式为

  • A=34kTε1-ε3ε1+ε3ε2-ε3ε2+ε3+3hve82×n12-n32n22-n32n12+n321/2n22+n321/2n12+n321/2+n22+n321/2.
    (2)
  • 式中,k为玻尔兹曼常数,1.38×10-23 J/K;T为开尔文温度,K;ε1ε2ε3分别为球针、基底和溶液介质的介电常数,C2·N-1·m-2ve为在3×1015 s-1的紫外线主要电子吸收频率;h为普朗克常量,6.63×10-34 J·s;n1n2n3分别为球针、基底和溶液介质在可见光波段的折光系数。利用式(2)计算可知沥青质修饰球针与基底在降黏体系溶液中的Hamaker常数为2.77×10-21 J。

  • 图7 降黏体系质量分数对沥青质间黏附力的影响

  • Fig.7 Effect of viscosity reduction system mass fraction on adhesion between asphaltenes

  • 在相互作用力的测试过程中,当两个吸附有沥青质的表面相互接近时,由于表面链段压缩产生空间位阻斥力。当两表面距离小于吸附沥青质的链长时,即D<2L,空间位阻斥力可采用Alexander-de Gennes方程计算,具体表达式为

  • F(D)Steric =kTRS3(2L/D)9/4-(D/2L)3/4.
    (3)
  • 当0.2<D/2L<0.9时,式(3)可简化为

  • F(D)Steric =100S3kTe-πD/L.
    (4)
  • 式中,S为沥青链两个接枝点之间的平均间距,nm;L为沥青链的长度,nm。

  • 图8为未加降黏剂时沥青质间作用力的拟合结果。当距离大于7 nm时,范德华力与空间位阻斥力拟合曲线与实测数据吻合; 距离小于5 nm后出现额外引力,表明除上述两种力外还存在疏水作用力,计算公式为

  • 图8 模拟地层水中沥青质间范德华力和空间位阻斥力的拟合曲线

  • Fig.8 Deconstruction fitting curve of van der Waals force and steric repulsion between asphaltenes in formation simulated water

  • F(D)H=RZHe-D/DH.
    (5)
  • 式中,ZH为疏水作用常数;DH为疏水作用特征距离,nm。

  • 将测量得到力曲线数据减去范德华力和空间位阻斥力部分后即可得到额外吸引力随距离变化数据,代入式(5)后得到疏水作用力拟合曲线,结果见图9。模拟地层水中沥青质间疏水作用力的拟合参数ZHDHR2分别为0.56、0.39、0.93。

  • 由图9(a)可知,扣除已知力后对剩余引力进行拟合,拟合度R2=0.93,确认该引力为疏水作用。因此模拟地层水中沥青质间作用力主要包括范德华力、疏水作用(引力)及空间位阻斥力。根据相关参数绘制完整相关作用力曲线,如图9(b)所示。在探针与基底之间的距离大于2 nm时,总作用力拟合曲线可较好解释沥青质间的相互作用力。当探针与基底之间的距离小于2 nm时两条曲线出现较大差异,这是因为沥青质表面较粗糙,在距离较近时,空间位阻斥力迅速增大。

  • (2)降黏体系溶液中沥青间相互作用力的解构与拟合。将介质替换为降黏体系溶液后重新测定。如图10(a)~(c)所示,当降黏体系质量分数在0.003%~0.005%时,疏水作用消失,作用力以范德华引力与空间位阻斥力为主,且后者拟合曲线与实测高度重合,表明空间位阻成为主导。根据拟合得到参数S(接枝点间距)与L(链长)如表1所示,二者随降黏剂质量分数增加而增大(S由5.43增至11.14 nm; L由1.84增至6.22 nm),说明降黏剂分子进入沥青质结构使其链段伸展并相互排斥,阻碍缔合。

  • 图9 模拟地层水中沥青质间作用力的拟合曲线

  • Fig.9 Fitting curve of force between asphaltenes in simulated formation water

  • 图10 不同降黏体系质量分数下沥青质间总作用力的拟合曲线

  • Fig.10 Fitting curves of total force between asphaltenes under different mass fraction of viscosity reducer

  • 表1 不同降黏体系质量分数下沥青质间空间位阻斥力的特征参数

  • Table1 Characteristic parameters of steric repulsion force between asphaltenes under different mass fraction of viscosity reducer

  • 球体-平面模型中静电斥力FDEDL表达式为

  • F(D)EDL=κRZe-κD.
    (6)
  • 式中,κ-1为德拜长度,其数值仅仅取决于液体介质的性质,而与表面性质(如电荷、电势)无关,nm;Z为相互作用常数,其数值大小仅仅取决于表面的性质,J·m-1

  • 对于式(6)中相对作用常数Z

  • Ze=64πε0ε(kT/e)2tanh2zeψ0/4kT.
    (7)
  • 式中,ε0为真空介电常数,C2·N-1·m-2ε为溶液介质的相对介电常数,C2·N-1·m-2e为基本电荷,1.6×10-19 C;Z为电解质价态;ψ0为表面电势。

  • 为了验证该作用力为静电斥力,将总相对作用力中的范德华力和空间位阻斥力去除掉后得到新的斥力数据,代入式(6)得到静电斥力拟合曲线,并对其拟合程度进行验证,结果见图11。0.01%降黏体系质量分数下沥青质间静电斥力的特征参数κZR2分别为0.20、0.92、0.99。

  • 从图11(a)看出,静电斥力的拟合曲线与测量数据点基本重合,R2为0.99,说明该斥力为静电斥力。根据相关参数绘制完整作用力-距离曲线(图11(b)),总作用力拟合曲线与测量作用力数据几乎完全重叠,表明在0.01%降黏体系溶液中2个沥青质表面相互靠近时的作用力为范德华力、空间位阻斥力和静电斥力。表明高质量分数下降黏剂中磺酸根基团吸附于沥青质表面,增加表面负电荷密度,产生静电排斥,进一步削弱聚集倾向,使结构趋于松散。

  • 图11 降黏体系质量分数0.01%下沥青质间作用力拟合曲线

  • Fig.11 Fitting curve of interaction force between asphaltenes at mass fraction of 0.01% viscosity reduction system

  • 3 结论

  • (1)基于自主研发的阴/非离子型表面活性剂稠油冷采降黏体系,借助红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜等手段分析降黏前后稠油内部结构变化。试验结果表明,降黏剂分子与稠油组分发生相互作用,减弱了胶质和沥青质之间的氢键作用。降黏后胶质结构由表面光滑的整体变为带有大量小孔的块状结构,沥青质结构变得疏松,伴有不规则颗粒状物质脱落。

  • (2)利用原子力显微镜技术,并基于球体-平面理论模型分析了降黏前后重质组分间的作用力变化。试验结果表明,未加入降黏体系前沥青质间存在微弱的范德华引力和空间位阻斥力,最大黏附力为5.49 nN,而胶质组分间仅存在空间位阻斥力,最大黏附力为3.11 nN,加入降黏体系后沥青质和胶质的黏附力频率分布峰值分别减小到0.5和0.8 nN。随着降黏体系质量分数的升高,以沥青质为代表的重质组分间出现静电斥力,空间位阻斥力增强,聚集体动态平衡被改变,沥青质链接枝点平均间距由5.43 nm增大至11.14 nm,接枝链长由1.84 nm变为6.22 nm,从而有利于减小稠油沥青质形成的三维网状结构的强度,降低稠油黏度。

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